Risks
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Current Selection Filters |
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| Risk 4: Renal Stone Formation |
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| Crosscutting Area : Human Health and Countermeasures |
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 Discipline : Bone Loss |
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| Description : The potential for renal stone formation may be increased due to elevated urine calcium concentration associated with bone resorption during exposure to hypogravity and to decreased urine volume during periods of dehydration. |
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Context / Risk Factors :
This risk may be influenced by environmental factors affecting mineral/fluid status, individual propensity for urine calcium oxalate solubility patterns and stone formation.
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| Justification / Rationale : Space flight is associated with changes in urine chemistry (decreased urinary pH and citrate and increased urinary calcium and phosphate) and composition (increased calcium oxalate and brushite saturation, and increased concentration of undissociated uric acid) which likely contribute to the increased renal stone risk observed during and after space flight. Mitigation strategies (potassium citrate) are currently under investigation. |
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Risk Rating
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Current Countermeasures
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- Good state of hydration
- Nutritional counseling
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Projected Countermeasures or Mitigations and Other Deliverables with their CRL/TRL scores
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- Nutrition [CRL 4]
- Pharmacological agents (e.g., Potassium or Magnesium Citrate, bisphosphonates) [CRL 4-8]
- Urine solubility testing in flight
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Research & Technology Questions
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Related Risks
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Important References
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Pak CY, Hill K, Cintron NM, Huntoon C. Assessing applicants to the NASA flight program for their renal stone-forming potential. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1989 Feb;60(2):157-61.
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Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Morukov BV, Sams CF. The risk of renal stone formation during and after long duration space flight. Nephron. 2001 Nov;89(3):264-70.
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Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Pak CY, Cintron NM. Alterations in renal stone risk factors after space flight. J Urol. 1993 Sep;150(3):803-7.
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Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Pak CY. Renal stone risk assessment during Space Shuttle flights. J Urol. 1997 Dec;158(6):2305-10.
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Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Sams CF. Space flight and the risk of renal stones. J Gravit Physiol. 1999 Jul;6(1):P87-8.
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Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Sams CF. Urine volume and its effects on renal stone risk in astronauts. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2001 Apr;72(4):368-72.
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Zerwekh JE. Nutrition and renal stone disease in space. Nutrition. 2002 Oct;18 (10):857-63. Review.
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