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Current Selection Filters |
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| Risk 7: Define Acceptable Limits for Contaminants in Air and Water |
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| Crosscutting Area : Human Health and Countermeasures |
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 Discipline : Environmental Health |
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| Description : Crew health and performance may be jeopardized due to the inability to define acceptable limits for contaminants. |
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Context / Risk Factors :
This risk may be influenced by remoteness, crew health, or crew susceptibility to degree of system closure.
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| Justification / Rationale : Excessive pollutant levels (including microbial contaminants) can jeopardize crew health and/or impair mission success. The severity and likelihood of any adverse effects depends on the specific pollutant and its measured concentration. |
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Risk Rating
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Current Countermeasures
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- Identification of possible contaminants
- Restriction on types of materials allowed in flight
- Preflight off-gassing of certain materials
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Projected Countermeasures or Mitigations and Other Deliverables with their CRL/TRL scores
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- Identification of possible contaminants
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Research & Technology Questions
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| 7a |
What are the most likely sources of severe air and water pollution specific to ISS, lunar, and Mars missions, and what methods can be used to control these sources over long periods of time? |
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| 7b |
What are the tolerance limits in terms of quantity and type of microorganisms in air, water, and food, and on surfaces? |
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| 7c |
What approaches to setting exposure standards may be used when insufficient data are available to allow prediction of acceptable exposure levels? |
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| 7d |
What is the requirement for determining how rapidly acceptable air quality can be recovered after a severe pollution condition and what effect that recovery has on humidity condensate and the water recovery system? |
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| 7e |
Can automated real-time systems be used to monitor air and water quality for lunar and Mars missions, and can the crew interpret results without ground support? |
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| 7f |
How can traditional limited-time exposure and human toxicological data be used to predict acceptable values for inhalation exposures to single chemicals and/or mixtures? |
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| 7g |
What impact do space flight induced, biological, physiological, and immunological changes have on the susceptibility of crewmembers to infectious agents and toxic substances in the air and water? |
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| 7h |
What are the effects of exposure to ultra fine and larger (respirable and non-respirable) particles (e.g., lunar dust) on crew health, safety and performance? |
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| 7i |
What are the interactions of microbes, chemicals and plants in CELSS on air quality? |
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| 7j |
To the extent that plants are critical to mission success, will the potential for phytotoxicity be adequately addressed in the evaluation of air quality? |
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| 7k |
Is there potential for increased heterogeneity in terms of the distribution of air contaminants in the relatively larger lunar and Mars habitats? If so, what additional monitoring resources and/or strategies are necessary to protect crew health? |
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Related Risks
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Important References
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Huntoon CL. Toxicological Analysis of STS-40 Atmosphere, NASA/JSC Memorandum, SD4/01-93-251, July 6, 1991; Toxicological Analysis of STS-55 Atmosphere, NASA/JSC Memorandum SD4-93-251, July 6, 1993.
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James JT. Toxicological Assessment of Air Contaminants during the Mir 19 Expedition, 1996
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James JT. Toxicological Assessment of Air Samples Taken after the Oxygen-Generator Fire on Mir, NASA/JSC Memorandum SD2-97-513, April 10, 1997
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Nicogossian AE, et al. Crew Health in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Medical Report, NASA SP-411, 1977
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Pool SL. Ethylene Glycol Treatise. NASA/JSC Memorandum SD2-97-542, September 15, 1997.
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