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Current Selection Filters |
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| Risk 9: Interaction of Space flight Factors, Infections and Malignancy |
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| Crosscutting Area : Human Health and Countermeasures |
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 Discipline : Immunology & Infection |
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| Description : Increased risk of infections or cancers may result from immune dysfunction caused by the interaction of space flight factors. |
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Context / Risk Factors :
In addition to space flight related immune dysfunction, which can increase the risk of infections in crewmembers, microgravity can also affect microorganisms in a variety of ways. Furthermore, several neoplastic malignancies have been associated with a variety of human pathogens. This risk may be influenced by immune dysfunction, latent viral infections, commensal organisms, or host genetics.
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| Justification / Rationale : Every component of immune resistance to infection is compromised under space flight conditions. As a result, bacterial, fungal, or viral infections may be more likely in space flight environments (though this has not been documented). In particular, latent viruses (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex, polyomaviruses, and Hepatitis viruses) can become active and potentially initiate tumor formation. The length and severity of space flight conditions on the Martian mission are expected to pose the highest (though still low probability) risk for the development of immune cell-mediated leukemias and lymphomas. |
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| Reference Missions :
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Risk Rating
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Current Countermeasures
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- Pre-flight quarantine (Health Stabilization Program)
- Radiation shielding.
- Monitoring exposure to radiation and other environmental factors
- Ongoing crew health monitoring
- Onboard antibiotics, anti-viral and anti-fungal agents, immunizations, sterilization procedures, use of clean vehicles
- Air and water monitoring
- Regular inflight 'housecleaning'
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Projected Countermeasures or Mitigations and Other Deliverables with their CRL/TRL scores
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- Anti-microbial agents [CRL 4]
- Fusion proteins to block virus re-infection [CRL 6]
- Molecular detection systems for surface, water and airborne pathogens (See AHST Risks 34, 36, & 37) [CRL 7]
- Molecular diagnostic/detection kits and equipment to classify infectious agents [CRL 6]
- Pathogen-specific immunizations [CRL 2]
- Pre-flight crew screening for the presence of microorganisms [CRL 2]
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Research & Technology Questions
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| 9a |
What types of latent infections (e.g., viral infections) will become reactivated as a function of space flight associated factors and pose the greatest threat to human health as a function of compromised immunity resulting from space travel? |
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| 9b |
What commensal organisms have the potential of establishing a primary infection and pose the greatest threat to human health as a function of compromised immunity resulting from space travel? |
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| 9c |
What diagnostic, environmental monitoring, or laboratory technologies need to be developed for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms, and prevention or diagnosis of infectious diseases while in space (e.g., bacterial, viral, or fungal typing in real-time)? |
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| 9d |
Will the severity of disease(s) resulting from latent infection reactivation, and/or infections caused by commensal organisms (as a function of space flight associated factors), be affected by the space mission and/or its duration (i.e., 1-year ISS, 30-day lunar, 30-month Mars)? |
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| 9e |
Are there neoplastic malignancies that may result from latent infection reactivation, and/or infections caused by commensal organisms (as a function of space flight associated factors), that will be affected by the space mission and/or its duration? |
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| 9f |
Is it possible to predict the summary effects of each component condition and duration of space flight that results in an infectious and/or neoplastic state? |
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| 9g |
Will it be possible to develop nutritional supplements to augment anti-microbial and/or anti-tumor therapies? |
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| 9h |
Will it be possible to restore immunity in a severely immunocompromised astronaut with autologous stem cell transplants? |
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| 9i |
What steps can be taken during space flight to boost immune function, and what antimicrobial therapies and immunological treatments can be used to prevent or cure infections? |
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| 9j |
Will it be possible to use anti-viral, -bacterial, or -fungal agents aboard spaceships to reduce pathogen burdens or to treat infections? |
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| 9k |
Will therapeutic agents aboard spacecraft function to reduce or treat tumor development? |
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Related Risks
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Important References
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